D: Dissatisfaction
D: Depression
D: Desperation (can lead to…)=
FT: Fascism and Totalitarianism

A) Who: European nations, U.S., the entire world, really.

B) What:

1) Overview: A period of global instability and crisis—socially, politically and economically which was reflected in the intellectual and cultural products of the day.

2) The rise of extreme ideological responses to the above—particularly Fascism(Nazism) in Italy and Germany and Communist Totalitarianism in Russia.

C) Where: Primarily Europe and North America

D) When: 1919-1939
E) How:

1) Deep pessimism after World War I.
2) Widespread dissatisfaction among all Europeans due to poor resolution to war.

(a) Germans especially feel victimized by Treaty of Versailles
(b) But other tensions exist

i New Poland, Austria-Hungary split—many new countries.
ii Italy feels they did not receive all the land they deserved.
iii France and Great Britain are teetering on bankruptcy.

3) AP—Reflection in Cultural and Intellectual Products—Dissatisfaction and Confusion

(a) Einstein—Theory of Relativity, 1905
(b) Sigmund Freud—psychoanalysis—much of human behavior is irrational (contradicts…?)
(c) Writers: Franz Kafka, James Joyce
(d) Jean Paul Sartre—existentialism
(e) Friedrich Nietzsche: Escape Western Ideas (Enlightenment Ideas) go back to heroism/pride
(f) Art movements: surrealism, cubism(Picasso) and Bauhaus

4) Great Depression

(a) How it started:

i 1928—Germany relied on U.S. loans to pay back England and France
ii U.S. banks didn’t trust this situation, started to withdraw funds from Europe
iii Very poor agricultural situation—heavy surpluses lead to low prices
iv Panic on Black Thursday—24 October, 1929
v Stock Market Crashes—view slide.

(b) Global Effects:

i Weak Weimar Republic in Germany crushed, kids play with money.
ii Great Depression in U.S.—

• Farmers lose land in the dustbowl
• Workers laid off in cities

(c) Global Reactions:

i Socialist (Scandinavia) and Democratic (France and England) governments in Europe finally controlled unemployment
ii U.S. recovery through NEW DEAL plan of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
iii AP: FDR anticipated Keynesian Ideas:

• John M. Keynes challenged classical economic theory
• Classic theory: capitalism self-correcting, operated best if unregulated
• Keynes argued the depression was a problem of inadequate demand, not supply
• Governments should play active role in stimulating economy, consumer demand

A) Definitions:

1) Fascism: a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, controlling all industry, commerce, etc., and promoting an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

(a) Nazis and Fascist Governments in Germany and Italy
(b) —FASCISTS HATE COMMUNISTS!!

2) Totalitarianism: absolute control by the state, i.e., the leader or government of a highly centralized nation.

(a) Stalin’s Communist Totalitarianism in the Soviet Union
(b) COMMUNISTS HATE FASCISTS!!

3) Do not get confused:

(a) Totalitarianism is a style of leadership (dictator with absolute power) but with different kinds of ideologies (like communism).
(b) Fascism is a racist and nationalist ideology that usually has a totalitarian style of leader (a dictator like Hitler or Mussolini)

B) Russia—Communist Totalitarianism

1) After Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution (more on that this week…)
2) Under Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

(a) Eliminated all rivals; by 1928, unchallenged dictator of Soviet Union
(b) Created “five year plans” to centralize and charge all heavy industry
(c) Collectivized all farms—all became state land—killed those who opposed him

C) Italy—Fascism (Fascist Totalitarianism)

1) Benito Mussolini, founder of Italian fascism, 1919
2) Armed fascist squads called Blackshirts terrorized socialists (Fascism vs. Communism)
3) Anti-communism means big business liked it.
4) All other political parties banned, Italy became a one-party dictatorship

D) Germany—Nazism (Fascist Totalitarianism)

1) Global History:

(a) Led by Adolf Hitler
(b) Anti-semitism, racial purity key to ideology
(c) Becomes Chancellor (leader) of Germany in 1932
(d) 1935—Nuremberg Laws remove citizenship from Jews
(e) 1938: Kristallnacht—condoned attacks on Jews

2) AP WORLD: Germany's national socialism

(a) Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and the Nazi Party

i 1921 becomes Chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis)
ii Attempts to overthrow government in 1923
iii Writes autobiography Mein Kampf in jail, massively popular
iv Capitalizes on public discontent with post-war era
v War guilt clause & Reparation payments
vi Inability of major parties to come to consensus
vii Fierce Anti-semite

(b) Consolidation of Power

i Nazis become single largest party in parliament, 1930-1932
ii Weak president Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) appoints Hitler as Chancellor
iii Suppresses opposition, abrogates constitutional and civil rights
iv Makes the Nazis the sole legal party

(c) The Racial State

i Theories of racial superiority, racial purity
ii Policies of eugenics
iii Compulsory sterilization of 30,000 Germans
iv Abortions illegal for healthy Germans, mandatory for “hereditary ill” and “racial aliens”
v “Euthanasia” program kills 200,000 people with physical or mental handicaps between 1939-1945
vi Precursors to massacres of Jews, gypsies

(d) Anti-Semitism

i Influence of 19th-century racism (Russian Pogroms)
ii 1935 Nuremburg laws define Jew on racial basis
iii Prohibits marriages between Jews and non-Jews
iv Removal of Jews from civil service, schools
v Liquidation of Jewish-owned businesses or purchase by non-Jews
vi Kristallnacht: major country-wide pogrom on Jews, November 9-10, 1938
vii “night of broken glass”

A) Development of Nationalist movement in Asia and Africa (India, Kenya, Marcus Garvey, Gandhi)
B) Great Depression U.S. vs. Weimar Republic
C) Communist Totalitarianism vs. Fascist Totalitarianism
D) Economic Imperialism vs. Direct Imperialism (Chiquita vs. the Raj)
E) Interwar art, literature and intellectual movements vs. Pre-War art, literature and intellectual movements